Eiji Tsuburaya filmography

Eiji Tsuburaya (1901–1970) was a Japanese special effects director and filmmaker who worked on roughly 250 films throughout his five-decade career.[1] Popularly known as the "Father of Tokusatsu" for his techniques in special effects,[2] Tsuburaya started his career in the Japanese film industry as a cinematographer for several successful drama and jidaigeki films in the early 1920s.[3] His directorial debut was the propaganda documentary film Three Thousand Miles Across the Equator, which he filmed in the Pacific Ocean on the Asama for most of 1935. Following the completion of photography on this film, he worked as the cinematographer and had his debut as special effects director on Princess Kaguya (1935). It was one of Japan's first major productions to feature special effects.[4][5] The next year, Tsuburaya made his dramatic directorial debut with the release of Folk Song Collection: Oichi of Torioi Village and had his breakthrough in effects on Arnold Fanck's The Daughter of the Samurai (released 1937).[6]

Tsuburaya on the Miura Peninsula, Kanagawa Prefecture in March 1960

Tsuburaya transitioned from Kyoto to Tokyo in order to form the newly-established company Toho's special effects division in late 1937. Thereafter, in 1938, he was assigned to create effects for The Abe Clan and directed and filmed the unreleased propaganda musical The Song of Major Nanjo; two years later, he directed and shot the documentary motion picture entitled The Imperial Way of Japan and shot the war film Navy Bomber Squadron.[7] In 1942, Tsuburaya directed the effects for the Kajirō Yamamoto-directed war epic The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya, which became the highest-grossing Japanese film in history upon its release.[8] His efforts, cited as behind its major critical and commercial success, earned him the Technical Research Award from the Japan Motion Picture Cinematographers Association.[9][10] In 1948, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers purged Tsuburaya from employment at Toho.[11][7] He, therefore, created his own independent effects company and worked on films by other major film companies, including Daiei Film's The Invisible Man Appears (1949), which was Japan's first science fiction film. In 1950, Tsuburaya returned to Toho and subsequently worked on their films Escape at Dawn (1950), The Lady of Musashino (1951), The Skin of the South, and The Man Who Came to Port (both 1952), Eagle of the Pacific (1953), and Farewell Rabaul (1954), with the latter four being his first collaborations with director Ishirō Honda.[12]

In 1954, Tsuburaya directed the special effects for Hiroshi Inagaki's jidaigeki epic Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto and Honda's kaiju film Godzilla. For the latter major critically and commercially successful film, he achieved his first Japan Technical Award for Special Skill and attained international recognition.[13][14] Two years later, he directed the effects for Shirō Toyoda's The Legend of the White Serpent and Honda's Rodan,[15] with Rodan winning him his second Japan Technical Award.[13] In response to recent popular alien invasion science fiction films, Toho assigned Tsuburaya to direct the effects for Honda's big-budget epic The Mysterians (1956) and he won another Japan Technical Award for his work.[16] Three years later, Tsuburaya earned another Japan Technical Award for his effects on the Hiroshi Inagaki's $1 million[17] epic The Three Treasures.[13] Later, he worked on the tremendously successful tokusatsu films: Mothra, The Last War (both 1961), King Kong vs. Godzilla, and Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki (both 1962). In 1963, he earned Japan Technical Award for his special effects work on The Lost World of Sinbad;[13] the following year he made the effects for Honda's Mothra vs. Godzilla, often regarded as his best kaiju film.[18] Also that year, he began preproduction on his recently-founded company's first series that aired on Japanese television in 1966 as Ultra Q and created the special effects for Frank Sinatra's war epic None but the Brave.[19] In 1965, his efforts on the war film Retreat From Kiska won him another Japan Technical Award for Special Skill and he gained the same award the following year for the same position in Honda's Invasion of Astro-Monster (also 1965).[13]

Because Ultra Q was a tremendous success during its release, Tsuburaya moved on to develop and supervise a follow-up titled Ultraman.[20] Ultraman was released from 1966 to 1967 and was even more successful than its predecessor. These programs spanned a franchise that is still majorly popular and ongoing today.[19] After working on Honda's influential kaiju film The War of the Gargantuas (1966),[21] he began being credited as the "special effects supervisor" on the Godzilla films and continued receiving this credit until Destroy All Monsters (1968).[22] His final official theatrical film credit, the Seiji Maruyama-directed war epic Battle of the Japan Sea, was released in August 1969 and became the second-highest-grossing Japanese film of 1969;[23] he received a ceremonial title as effects director on Honda's All Monsters Attack later that year. In December of the same year, he completed work on Birth of the Japanese Islands, an audiovisual exhibit for the Expo '70.[24] Although he continued to plan to work on productions such as Space Amoeba, Japan Airplane Guy, and Princess Kaguya, he passed away a day prior to his return to Tokyo in order to begin work for ensuing the year in January 1970.[25][2]

Film
Film work by Eiji Tsuburaya
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref(s)
Special effects
director		 Cinematographer Director Special effects
supervisor
1919 A Tune of Pity No Assistant No No [26]
1920 Tombs of the Island No Assistant No No
1925 The Hunchback of Enmei'in Temple No Yes No No [27][28]
1926 A Page of Madness No Assistant No No [29]
1927 Children's Swordplay No Yes No No [28]
The Bat Copybook No Yes No No
Mad Blade Under the Moon No Yes No No
Record of the Tragic Swords of the Tenpo Era No Yes No No
1928 Sayamaro the Thief No Yes No No
1929 Light and Shadow No Yes No No
A Tale of the Occult No Yes No No
1930 Sanji, the Wild Fox No Yes No No
1931 A Wolf Howls in the Blizzard No Yes No No
1932 Fierce Attack at Takadanobaba No Yes No No
Ghost Story: The Book of Evening Calm No Yes No No
1933 Drizzle in Gion No Yes No No
1934 Astaro Descends Mt. Akagi No Yes No No [30]
Fusaemon Araki: Lord of Iga No Yes No No
1935 The Chorus of a Million No Yes No No [31][30]
Princess Kaguya Yes Yes No No [32][30]
1936 Three Thousand Miles Across the Equator No Yes Yes No Documentary [33]
Folk Song Collection: Oichi of Torioi Village No No Yes No [30]
1937 The Daughter of the Samurai Yes No No No [34][35]
1938 The Abe Clan Yes No No No [30]
The Song of Major Nango No Yes Yes No Unreleased
1940 The Imperial Way of Japan No Yes Yes No
Navy Bomber Squadron Yes No No No
The Burning Sky Yes No No No [36]
Son Gokū Yes No No No Two-part film [37][38]
1941 Moon Over Shanghai Yes No No No [30]
1942 Bouquet for the South Pacific Yes No No No
Koharu's Play Yes No No No [39]
War Song of the Wings Yes No No No [30]
The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya Yes No No No [34]
Ramayana No No No No Scripting supervisor [40][41]
1943 The Opium War Yes No No No [30]
World of Love: The Story of Windcat Tomi Yes No No No [42]
Marching Music Force Yes No No No [43]
The Story of Heiroku's Dream Yes No No No
Watchtower Suicide Squad Yes No No No
Military Song of the Morning Mist Yes No No No
Man Yes No No No [44]
Toward the Decisive Battle in the Sky Yes No No No [30]
Diary of a Drifting Boy Yes No No No [44]
Hot Wind Yes No No No
Forward with the Flag of Independence Yes No No No
Naniwabushi Recitation Chushingura Yes No No No [45]
1944 Fire on that Flag! Yes No No No [45]
Kato's Falcon Fighters Squadron Yes No No No [34][46]
Four Weddings Yes No No No [46]
Bomber Squadron, Move Out Yes No No No
1945 Until the Day of Victory Yes No No No [47]
Three People of the North Yes No No No
Five Men from Tokyo Yes No No No [46]
1946 The Descendants of Taro Urashima Yes No No No
An Enemy of the People Yes No No No [47]
Lord for a Night Yes No No No [46]
1947 A Thousand and One Nights with Toho Yes No No No
1948 A Moonflower in Heaven Yes No No No
Gate of Flesh Yes No No No
A Woman in a Typhoon Area Yes No No No
The Bandit of Moonlight Castle Yes No No No
1949 The Life of a Woman Yes No No No [48]
The Appearance of the White Hood Yes No No No
Lady from Hell Yes No No No
A Woman's Fight No No No No Compositor
The White-Haired Fiend Yes No No No [46]
Flowers of Raccoon Palace Yes No No No
The Rainbow Man Yes No No No Uncredited;
with Tatsuyuki Yokota		 [49]
The Blue Mountains Yes No No No Two-part film [48]
The Ghost Train Yes No No No [46]
Ginza Kankan Girl Yes No No No [48]
Enoken's Tobisuke Adventure Journey Yes No No No
The Invisible Man Appears Yes No No No [46]
Passion Without End No No No No Compositor [48]
Return Yes No No No
Life Player No No No No Compositor
Yearning for the Shadows No No No No
1950 Escape at Dawn Yes No No No [48][50]
Till We Meet Again Yes No No No [48]
Listen to the Voices of the Sea Yes No No No [46]
Kojirō Sasaki: Part One Yes No No No
1951 Beyond Love and Hate Yes No No No
Pirate Ship Yes No No No
The Lady of Musashino Yes No No No
1952 The Skin of the South Yes No No No
The Woman Who Touched the Legs Yes No No No [51]
The Hill in Bloom Yes No No No
The Man Who Came to Port Yes No No No
Jirocho Rises in Fame Yes No No No
One Thousand Ryo Ship in the Wind and Clouds Yes No No No
1953 The Tower of Lilies Yes No No No [52]
The Sunday That Jumped Out No Yes No No With Jun Yasumoto
Beyond the Clouds Yes No No No
Anatahan Yes No No No
Girls in the Orchard Yes No No No [53]
What Is Your Name? Yes No No No [54]
Eagle of the Pacific Yes No No No [53][55]
The Lovers Yes No No No [53]
Tiger of the North Sea Yes No No No
Hanjiro the Festival Yes No No No
Ninjutsu Pass Strike Yes No No No
What Is Your Name? Part II Yes No No No [54]
Red-Light Bases Yes No No No [53]
1954 Farewell Rabaul Yes No No No [56]
What Is Your Name? Part III Yes No No No [54]
Outcome of a Summer Festival at a Nagaya Yes No No No [53]
And Then the Liberty Bell Rang Yes No No No
Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto Yes No No No [57][52]
Godzilla Yes No No No [58]
The Invisible Avenger Yes Yes No No [59]
1955 Godzilla Raids Again Yes No No No [60]
Half Human Yes No No No [61]
Ginrin Yes No No No [57]
1956 Housewives Are Suing Yes No No No [62]
Vampire Moth Yes No No No
Three Youngmen and a Dream Girl Yes No No No
Blue Buds Yes No No No
Norihei's College Affair: The Happy Family Yes No No No
Fighting Cha Cha Girl Yes No No No
The Wicked Boy Yes No No No
The Legend of the White Serpent Yes No No No [63]
Modern Desires Yes No No No [62]
Rodan Yes No No No [64]
1957 Forgotten Flower Petal Yes No No No [62]
Throne of Blood Yes No No No [62][65]
The Paradise Island Story Yes No No No [62]
A Tower with a Mountain and River Yes No No No
Story of a Detective's Assistant Yes No No No
A Dangerous Hero Yes No No No [66]
The Living Koheiji Yes No No No
The Last Escape Yes No No No
Regarding Chieko Yes No No No
New Suits Yes No No No
Schooldays Yes No No No
The Mysterians Yes No No No [67]
1958 Yagyu Secret Scrolls: Ninjitsu - Part II Yes No No No [66]
Three Generations of Company Presidents Yes No No No
City of Love Yes No No No
Rickshaw Man Yes No No No
The H-Man Yes No No No [68]
Varan the Unbelievable Yes No No No [69]
The Hidden Fortress Yes No No No [70]
1959 Inao: Story of an Iron Arm Yes No No No [71]
Monkey Sun Yes No No No Remake of Son Gokū
(1940)		 [72]
Submarine I-57 Will Not Surrender Yes No No No [73]
The Three Treasures Yes No No No [74]
Battle in Outer Space Yes No No No [75]
1960 The Secret of the Telegian Yes No No No [76]
Storm Over the Pacific Yes No No No [70]
The Human Vapor Yes No No No [77]
1961 The Story of Osaka Castle Yes No No No [70]
Mothra Yes No No No [78]
Blood on the Sea Yes No No No [79]
The Youth and His Amulet Yes No No No [70]
The Last War Yes No No No [80]
1962 The Crimson Sky Yes No No No [81]
Gorath Yes No No No [82]
The Big Wave Yes No No No Completed in 1961 [83]
King Kong vs. Godzilla Yes No No No [84]
The Great Story of Shim Cheong Yes No No No [85]
Chūshingura:
Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki		 Yes No No No Uncredited [86]
1963 Attack Squadron! Yes No No No [87]
The Love Eterne Yes No No No [88][89]
Legacy of the 500,000 Yes No No No [81]
The Siege of Fort Bismarck Yes No No No
Matango Yes No No No [90]
The Lost World of Sinbad Yes No No No [91]
Atragon Yes No No No [92]
1964 Whirlwind Yes No No No [93]
Mothra vs. Godzilla Yes No No No [94]
The Rabble Yes No No No [81]
Dogora Yes No No No [95]
Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster Yes No No No [96]
1965 None but the Brave Yes No No No [34]
The Retreat from Kiska Yes No No No [97]
Frankenstein vs. Baragon Yes No No No [98]
The Crazy Adventure Yes No No No [99]
Invasion of Astro-Monster Yes No No No [100]
1966 The Adventure in Taklamakan Yes No No No [101]
Zero Fighter Yes No No No
The War of the Gargantuas Yes No No No [21]
Ebirah, Horror of the Deep No No No Yes [102]
1967 King Kong Escapes Yes No No No [82]
Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature No No No No Executive producer [101]
Son of Godzilla No No No Yes [103]
1968 Goodbye, Moscow Hooligans No No No No Compositor [104]
The Tigers: The World Is Waiting for Us No No No No
Mexican Free-for-All No No No No
Young Guy in Rio No No No No
The Green Years No No No No Optical photography
Destroy All Monsters No No No Yes [105]
Admiral Yamamoto Yes No No No [101]
1969 Samurai Banners No No No No Compositor [106][104]
The Crazy Cats' Big Explosion No No No Yes [104][101]
Latitude Zero Yes No No No [97]
Battle of the Japan Sea Yes No No No
All Monsters Attack Ceremonial title[lower-alpha 1] No No No Also participated
in editing		 [107][108]
1970 Birth of the Japanese Islands Yes No No No Produced in 1969 [24]

Television
Television work by Eiji Tsuburaya
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref(s)
Supervisor Producer
1956 Ninja Arts of Sanada Castle Special
effects		 No [109]
1959–1960 Mighty Atom Special
effects		 No Uncredited [110]
1962 Japanese Standerds No No Himself; May 15 episode [85]
1966 Ultra Q Yes Yes [111]
Modern Leaders No No Himself; episode, "The Father of Ultra Q" [112]
1966–1967 Ultraman Yes Yes Also developer [20]
1967–1968 Ultraseven Yes Yes [113]
1968 Mighty Jack Yes Yes
Fight! Mighty Jack Yes Yes [114]
Operation: Mystery! Yes Yes
1973 Horror Theater Unbalance Yes Yes Produced in 1969 [115]

Notes
  1. Although Tsuburaya was credited as the special effects director in the film, his credit was merely ceremonial. Its director, Ishirō Honda, also directed the effects with the assistance of Tsuburaya's disciple Teruyoshi Nakano.[24]

References

Citations
  1. Bolton, Doug (July 7, 2015). "Godzilla creator Eiji Tsuburaya celebrated in Google Doodle". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  2. "The Founder – Eiji Tsuburaya". Tsuburaya Productions. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  3. Ragone 2014, p. 22-23.
  4. Ryfle 1998, p. 45.
  5. Ragone 2014, p. 26.
  6. Ragone 2014, p. 27.
  7. Matsuda 2001, pp. 14–15.
  8. Matsuda 2001, pp. 20–21.
  9. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 30.
  10. Tanaka 1983, p. 541.
  11. Iwabatake 1994, pp. 52–53.
  12. Yosensha 2010, pp. 300–303.
  13. "日本映画技術賞 受賞一覧 – 一般社団法人 日本映画テレビ技術協会". mpte.jp (in Japanese). Motion Picture And Television Engineering Society Of Japan Inc. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  14. Ragone 2014, p. 14.
  15. Ragone 2014, p. 50.
  16. Ragone 2014, p. 53.
  17. Motion Picture Herald 1959, p. 32.
  18. Ragone 2014, p. 78.
  19. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 229.
  20. Ragone 2007, p. 114.
  21. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 231.
  22. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 245.
  23. Nakamura et al. 2014, p. 124.
  24. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 255.
  25. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 260.
  26. Ragone 2014, p. 21.
  27. "延命院の傴僂男" [The Hunchback of Enmei'in Temple]. Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  28. Ragone 2014, p. 192.
  29. Ryfle 1998, p. 44.
  30. Ragone 2014, p. 193.
  31. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 6.
  32. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 8.
  33. Ragone 2014, p. 26, 193.
  34. Ryfle 1998, p. 46.
  35. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 12.
  36. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 42.
  37. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 345.
  38. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 43.
  39. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 52.
  40. Asano 2019.
  41. Asano, Eiko (February 18, 2020). "太平洋戦争中の特撮人形劇映画、制作現場の写真見つかる 人形は浅野孟府作" [Special effects puppet movie during the Pacific War, photos of the production site can be found. Puppets made by Mōfu Asano]. Voice of Nara (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  42. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 53.
  43. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 54.
  44. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 55.
  45. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 56.
  46. Ragone 2014, p. 194.
  47. Matsuda 2001, p. 22.
  48. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 412.
  49. Matsuda 2001, p. 24.
  50. Yosensha 2010, p. 301.
  51. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 411.
  52. Ragone 2014, p. 195.
  53. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 410.
  54. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 135.
  55. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 96.
  56. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 99.
  57. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 91.
  58. "Godzilla". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  59. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 107.
  60. "Godzilla Raids Again". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  61. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 113.
  62. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 409.
  63. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 122.
  64. Kalat 2010, p. 41.
  65. Watson 2020, p. 93.
  66. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 408.
  67. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 140.
  68. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 146.
  69. Kalat 2010, p. 46.
  70. Ragone 2014, p. 196.
  71. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 156.
  72. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 155.
  73. Matsuda 1997, p. 96.
  74. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 161.
  75. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 162.
  76. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 168.
  77. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 176.
  78. Kalat 2010, p. 51.
  79. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 184.
  80. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 186.
  81. Ragone 2014, p. 197.
  82. "Eiji Tsuburaya". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  83. "ゴジラの円谷監督が特撮担当、幻の映画を"初上映"" [Director Tsuburaya of Godzilla is in charge of special effects, "premiere" of the fantasy movie]. ZAKZAK (in Japanese). October 24, 2005. Archived from the original on October 28, 2005. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  84. "King Kong vs. Godzilla". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  85. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 336.
  86. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 196.
  87. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 198.
  88. Nishimoto, Yamada & Yamane 2004, p. 136.
  89. Qiū 2007, p. 188.
  90. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 203.
  91. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 205.
  92. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 206.
  93. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 207.
  94. "Mothra vs. Godzilla". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  95. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 212.
  96. "Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  97. Ryfle 1998, p. 47.
  98. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 221.
  99. Galbraith IV 2008, p. 224.
  100. "Invasion of Astro-Monster". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  101. Ragone 2014, p. 198.
  102. "Ebirah, Horror of the Deep". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  103. "Son of Godzilla". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  104. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 401.
  105. "Destroy All Monsters". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  106. Kinema Junpo 1995, p. 174.
  107. Ryfle 1998, p. 157.
  108. Ryfle & Godziszewski 2017, p. 258.
  109. Ragone 2014, p. 52.
  110. Kodansha 2009, p. 30.
  111. Asahi Sonorama 1985, p. 255.
  112. Ragone 2007, p. 113.
  113. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 339.
  114. Takeuchi & Yamamoto 2001, p. 340.
  115. Asahi Sonorama 1985, p. 269.

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  • 特撮 円谷組 ゴジラと東宝特撮にかけた青春 [Special Effects: The Tsuburaya group, Godzilla and Youth in Toho Special Effects] (in Japanese). Yosensha. October 9, 2010. ISBN 978-4-86248-622-6.
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